珠江口水域秋季刺网的渔获组成及多样性分析

2014年9月使用3种不同结构(单片、双重、三重)和不同网目尺寸(40 mm、50 mm、60 mm)的刺网在珠江口水域进行了海上捕鱼试验,并从多样性和相异性两方面探讨了珠江口水域刺网渔业资源群落结构的差异。试验结果显示,3种刺网的渔获种类数、尾数和质量都随着网目尺寸的增大而减少;相对重要性指数(IRI)大于1 000的优势种有所差异,但深水金线鱼(Nemipterus bathybius)是共同优势种。针对珠江口渔获个体大小悬殊的特点,分别以个体数和生物量为基础计算了该水域的多样性指数,t检验结果显示这两者之间存在显著差异。采用欧氏距离法(Euclidian distance)计算,结果显示不同网目刺网渔业资源群落结构的差异性较高,而同一网目刺网差异性较低。从提高渔业资源群落结构的多样性和恢复其生态稳定性来看,控制网目尺寸是当前最主要和最有效的措施。     

河北省扇贝养殖区河口区域石油类污染分析

在河北省扇贝养殖区7条主要人海河流河口区域设立监测站位,于2007年5月枯水期和8月丰水期对水样和沉积物样品中石油类含量进行监测.河口水样平均石油类含量丰水期为0.94 mg/L,超标18.8倍;枯水期为0.51 mg/L,超标10.2倍;丰水期明显高于枯水期.河口沉积物中石油类含量丰水期为473μg/g,为标准值的0.95倍;枯水期为777μg/g,为标准值的1.55倍;部分河口沉积物中石油类含量超标严重.河口区域水体石油类污染的主要原因是大陆径流.     

胶州湾大沽河潮滩营养盐在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量对盐度变化的响应

2009年3、6、9和12月在胶州湾大沽河河口潮滩采集均长25cm的沉积物柱状样,利用室内培养法,培养柱状样72h。该时间段内的营养盐在水—沉积物界面的平均迁移速度视为营养盐的扩散通量。在培养中,上覆水的盐度,分别被调整到17、22和28。不同盐度水平下,氨氮和磷酸盐在沉积物—水界面的扩散通量具有明显的时空异质性;在所测试的盐度范围内,氨氮的扩散通量与盐度的相关性并不显著;而盐度对磷酸盐在沉积物—水界面的扩散具有显著的影响。在6月和9月,所有测试站位中均表现为盐度增加,磷酸盐的扩散速度下降。大沽河径流的衰减会抑制磷酸盐自沉积物向水体释放,从而导致初级生产磷的供应不足。因此,大沽河径流的降低是大沽河潮滩湿地生态功能退化的一个原因。     

The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: A review with application to oyster and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries

Aquaculture is viewed as a potential mechanism to meet the growing demand for seafood around the world. The future of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the U.S. hinges on sustainable practices on the part of industry and a more consistent regulatory regime. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture is a recent practice relative to its history in other countries, beginning in the late 1800s along the U.S. West Coast where it is now well established with farm raised product utilizing land-based hatcheries and grow-out directly in numerous estuaries. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture can be viewed as a disturbance which modifies the estuarine system in three ways: 1) changes in material processes — bivalves process food and produce wastes; 2) addition of physical structure — aquaculture introduces the cultured organisms and in some cases a physical anchoring structure; and 3) pulse disturbances like harvest and bed maintenance disturb sediments, remove species in addition to the cultured organisms themselves, and change resource or habitat availability. In U.S. West Coast estuaries, water column and sediment nutrient concentrations are relatively high and influenced by large tidal exchange and proximity to deeper nearshore ocean waters where upwelling controls production during summer months. Bivalves are unlikely to influence material processes except at local bed scales in these systems, although estuary-wide effects could appear as the fraction of cultured area rises or in poorly flushed bays. Bivalve culture clearly modifies estuarine habitat at local community and at landscape scales and effects are most often evaluated against existing structured habitat in the form of submerged aquatic vegetation. Individual activities act as pulse disturbances and the recovery of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to pre-disturbance levels is variable (< 2 to > 5 years). The extent of disturbance depends on the aquaculture practice and the distribution of eelgrass reflects a balance of space competition, pulse disturbance and recovery, and is therefore at dynamic equilibrium on aquaculture beds. Structure provided by aquaculture appears functionally similar to eelgrass for small benthic infauna and mobile epibenthic fauna while use of aquaculture as habitat by larger more mobile invertebrates and fish depends on mobility and varies with life-history stage and taxon being evaluated. Scale seems a very important management consideration and further research at estuarine landscape scales, especially for habitat use by important invertebrates and fish, may prove useful in designing and implementing best management practices. Though local and short term effects from aquaculture are clearly evident in U.S. West Coast estuaries, bivalve aquaculture does not remove area from the estuary or degrade water quality like other anthropogenic influences, and thus has not been implicated in shifts to alternate states or reduced adaptive capacity of the larger ecological system.     

基于RS和GIS的岷江流域退耕还林还草的初步研究

目前我国西部地区大力开展改善生态环境的退耕还林还草工程。岷江属于长江上游重要的支流之一 ,其水保工作将对整个长江流域的生态环境建设直接产生影响。退耕还林还草的科学问题在于水土保持 ,利用 RS和GIS数据以及通用水土流失模型对岷江上游进行侵蚀强度分级和填图、坡耕地的提取 ,最后统计分析坡耕地和侵蚀强度间的关系 ,确定区域内退耕还林还草的标准 ,并且对退耕还林还草后生态环境的变化和水土流失量进行了初步预测方法。     

岷江上游水资源问题及可持续利用

岷江上游是成都平原最主要的供水来源,被称为是“天府之国”生命的源泉。但是,岷江上游的水资源面临着总体水量减少,洪水以及水体污染等问题。在分析岷江上游水资源面临的问题及原因的基础上,提出了包括生态保护和水利工程建设的方法,试图解决岷江上游水资源的问题,为岷江上游水资源的可持续利用提供参考。     

岷江上游某建设场地山洪泥石流灾害危险性分析

某建设场地位于岷江上游大沟流域,为山洪泥石流多发区。从主、支沟山洪泥石流特征、泥石流暴发规模及支沟泥石流对主沟山洪特征的影响等方面分析了场地可能遭受山洪泥石流灾害的危险性,并以此为基础对场地按危险程度进行了分区。结果表明,该场地主体位于基本无危险区,其建设计划是可行的。     

闽江流域不同土地利用情景下的径流响应研究

通过构建适用于闽江流域的SWAT分布式水文模型，结合情景设置法，分别模拟研究区内不同土地利用情景下的径流过程，以定量分析土地利用变化对流域径流影响。结果表明：（1）经过参数率定的SWAT模型，率定期和验证期的评价指标R²>0.9，NSE>0.8，|PBIAS|<10%，符合模型径流模拟要求，在闽江流域具有良好的适用性；（2）相比闽江流域现状土地利用情景，耕地储备、建设开发情景下流域年均径流量分别增加12.41%，22.89%；植被恢复、分区调控情景下流域年均径流量减少4.09%，1.61%，林地和草地类型能有效减缓地表径流，减小径流年际变化量，而耕地、建设用地类型产流作用明显；（3）结合涵养指数值及丰、枯水期月均径流模拟结果分析，研究流域内林地和草地类型涵养水源、调节径流功能显著，耕地和建设用地类型径流调节能力较差，但前者水源涵养能力相对优于后者；（4）以"闽西北区合理开发耕地，保护森林，闽东北区推广坡度工业"为依据设置的分区调控情景，既能有效减缓与调节流域径流，又能保证区域粮食产量与促进经济发展，实现生态效益与经济效益统一，为闽江流域科学高效、可持续的土地利用规划提供参考。     

Maintaining estuary quality for shorebirds: towards simple guidelines

It is increasingly important to be able to monitor and maintain the quality of estuaries for overwintering shorebirds. Bird numbers alone are not sufficient to indicate quality nor, as recent research shows, can it be assumed that site quality is being maintained simply because there is enough food to meet the birds’ physiological demands; i.e., the amount of food available per bird in autumn needs to be greater than the amount eaten. But how much greater? We used a simple individuals-based and behaviour-based model to explore the factors that affect the relationship between overwinter mortality and the amount of food available per bird in autumn (the food:bird ratio). The aims were to explore how the natural history characteristics of a shorebird species affected the shape of this relationship, in order to identify characteristics of the system that should be included in any monitoring programme of site quality. In all cases there was a minimum threshold food:bird ratio above which mortality did not vary and below which mortality increased steadily. The amount of food per bird required at the threshold varied from one to six times the amount actually consumed by each bird during winter, depending on the amount of realism included in the model. The minimum threshold ratio was most strongly influenced by the shape of the relationship between intake rate and prey density - the functional response - and, when interference competition occurred, by the distribution of the birds’ main food supply. Simulations with realistic spatial distributions of prey predicted that the minimum required amount of food per bird would be between two and five times the amount actually consumed. The threshold approach could provide a simple method of monitoring estuary quality based on food supply and bird numbers. It also provides a potentially clearly-defined and unambiguous measure of the carrying capacity of a site. If applied to a sufficient number of real estuaries, general guidelines for maintaining estuary quality based on estuary characteristics, food supply and bird species might be established.     

岷江上游乡村社区贫困成因及扶贫模式初探——以四川黑水国家扶贫开发重点县为例

农村发展包括乡村社区发展和农户发展两个方面 ,二者不能偏废。以岷江上游国家扶贫开发重点县———黑水为例 ,探讨乡村社区贫困成因及扶贫模式。社区贫困是多种因素长期综合作用的结果 ,包括自然环境条件、传统习俗与贫困文化结合、道路交通贫乏、森林资源利用政策以及落后守旧的农业生产技术和手段。乡村社区扶贫不同于区域扶贫 ,应以新村建设和易地迁建为主 ,辅以劳务输出、旅游开发和教育扶持。